Wear modest, loose-fitting clothing that covers arms and legs; women should consider a headscarf, especially in rural areas.

Use a handshake with your right hand, but wait for women to initiate if you're male; a slight bow or placing your hand over your heart is also respectful.

Always eat with your right hand, as the left is considered unclean; accept tea or food when offered, as refusing can be seen as rude.

Try Kabuli pulao (rice dish with lamb and carrots), mantu (dumplings), and ashak (leek-filled dumplings), which are staples of Afghan cuisine.

Travel in shared taxis or minibuses, and bargain politely at local markets; avoid upscale hotels and opt for guesthouses.

Always ask for permission before photographing people, especially women; avoid taking pictures of military or government buildings.

Spring (March-May) and autumn (September-November) are ideal for travel, as summers are extremely hot and winters can be harsh, especially in mountainous regions.

Learn a few basic phrases in Dari or Pashto, and use gestures or translation apps; many urban Afghans understand some English.

Public displays of affection are frowned upon, and alcohol is illegal; respect Friday as the holy day, when many businesses close.

Support local artisans by buying handmade crafts, avoid single-use plastics, and respect natural sites by not leaving trash behind.

Roads can be unpredictable, with frequent checkpoints; domestic flights are often more reliable than long-distance road travel.

Remove your shoes before entering, dress modestly, and avoid visiting during prayer times unless you are participating.